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In order to standardize the quality control of traditional Chinese medicine（TCM） dispensing granules， the Chinese Pharmacopoeia Commission has promulgated and implemented 200 national drug standards for TCM dispensing granules， but there are still varieties of TCM dispensing granules without unified standards. Many provinces have actively invested in the formulation of provincial standards for TCM dispensing granules to make up for the gaps in standards for varieties of traditional Chinese medicine dispensing granules other than the national standards. By the end of July 2022， 29 provincial-level administrative regions have successively promulgated and implemented a total of 5 602 provincial standards for TCM dispensing granules， involving more than 400 varieties. In order to better understand the formulation and characteristics of provincial standards， this study took 105 provincial standards that have been promulgated and implemented in Henan province as an example， and comprehensively analyzed the formulation and characteristics through quality control indicators such as dry extract rate of raw materials， contents of index components and their transfer rates， specifications and so on. The formulation and characteristics of the same TCM dispensing granules in the provincial standards of different provinces were further analyzed， in order to provide reference for the formulation of provincial standards of TCM dispensing granules and the implementation of national standards.
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ObjectiveTo investigate the feasibility of applying electronic nose technology to rapidly identify Bletillae Rhizoma and its approximate decoction pieces. MethodA total of 134 batches of Bletillae Rhizoma and its approximate decoction pieces， including 45 batches of Bletillae Rhizoma， 30 batches of Gastrodiae Rhizoma， 30 batches of Polygonati Odorati Rhizoma and 29 batches of Bletillae Ochraceae Rhizoma， were collected as test samples. The olfactory sensory data of the samples were collected by PEN3 electronic nose as the independent variable（X）. Based on the identification results of the 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia and local standards， as well as the high performance liquid chromatography（HPLC） fingerprint and original purchase information of 134 batches of the decoction pieces， the benchmark data Y of the identification model were obtained， and four chemometric methods of principal component analysis-discriminant analysis（PCA-DA）， partial least squares-discriminant analysis（PLS-DA）， least square-support vector machine（LS-SVM） and K-nearest neighbor（KNN） were used to establish the binary identification model for 45 batches of Bletillae Rhizoma and 89 batches of non-Bletillae Rhizoma and the quadratic identification model of the four kinds of decoction pieces， that is， Y=F（X）. ResultAfter leave-one-out cross validation， the positive discrimination rates of the above four models were 97.01%， 97.01%， 98.51% and 97.01% in the binary identification， and 97.76%， 89.55%， 98.51% and 97.01% in the quadratic identification， respectively. The highest positive discrimination rate could reach 98.51% for the binary and quadratic identification models， and LS-SVM algorithm is both the optimal one， the most suitable kernel functions were chosen as radial basis function and linear kernel function， respectively. The optimal models discriminated well with no unclassified samples. ConclusionElectronic nose technology can accurately and rapidly identify Bletillae Rhizoma and its approximate decoction pieces， which can provide new ideas and methods for rapid quality evaluation of other decoction pieces.
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Artemisia argyi is the leaves of compositae plants of A. argyi Lévl. et Vant.， which is a traditional Chinese medicine commonly used in China. The analysis was carried out by consulting traditional medical classics， modern standard norms and literature， and using Cytoscape software to sort out and visualize the evolution of the processing and the efficacy of processed products. The processing of A. argyi was first made in the Han dynasty and was popular in the Song and Ming dynasties. There were many processing methods in ancient times， including net processing， cutting， frying， processing with auxiliary material （vinegar， wine， salt， charcoal， rice water， sulfur， medicinal juice， jujube mud processing） and other processing methods （baking， winching， making herbs into wool）. Modern common processing methods included purification， vinegar processing， charcoal processing and making herbs into wool， which are relatively simple compared with ancient processing methods. There were obvious differences in the efficacy and application of raw and processed products of A. argyi. Although the processing effects of A. argyi in ancient and modern times were mainly to reduce toxic side effects and enhance the effects of warming meridians and hemostasis， only the purified A. argyi， vinegar-processed A. argyi and vinegar-processed A. argyi charcoal could be seen in the present studies， other processed products had not been inherited and studied， and the processing mechanism was still unclear. It is suggested that in the later exploration and research， researchers can establish a multi-dimensional standard research system based on the characteristics of the medicinal plant A. argyi and the processing characteristics of A. argyi decoction pieces in order to systematically explore the transformation rules before and after processing， and clearly explain the scientific connotation.
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Background@#and Purpose We investigated the causal relationships between the gut microbiota (GM), stroke, and potential metabolite mediators using Mendelian randomization (MR). @*Methods@#We leveraged the summary statistics of GM (n=18,340 in the MiBioGen consortium), blood metabolites (n=115,078 in the UK Biobank), and stroke (cases n=60,176 and controls n=1,310,725 in the Global Biobank Meta-Analysis Initiative) from the largest genome-wide association studies to date. We performed bidirectional MR analyses to explore the causal relationships between the GM and stroke, and two mediation analyses, two-step MR and multivariable MR, to discover potential mediating metabolites. @*Results@#Ten taxa were causally associated with stroke, and stroke led to changes in 27 taxa. In the two-step MR, Bifidobacteriales order, Bifidobacteriaceae family, Desulfovibrio genus, apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1), phospholipids in high-density lipoprotein (HDL_PL), and the ratio of apolipoprotein B to ApoA1 (ApoB/ApoA1) were causally associated with stroke (all P<0.044). The causal associations between Bifidobacteriales order, Bifidobacteriaceae family and stroke were validated using the weighted median method in an independent cohort. The three GM taxa were all positively associated with ApoA1 and HDL_PL, whereas Desulfovibrio genus was negatively associated with ApoB/ApoA1 (all P<0.010). Additionally, the causal associations between the three GM taxa and ApoA1 remained significant after correcting for the false discovery rate (all q-values <0.027). Multivariable MR showed that the associations between Bifidobacteriales order, Bifidobacteriaceae family and stroke were mediated by ApoA1 and HDL_PL, each accounting for 6.5% (P=0.028) and 4.6% (P=0.033); the association between Desulfovibrio genus and stroke was mediated by ApoA1, HDL_PL, and ApoB/ApoA1, with mediated proportions of 7.6% (P=0.019), 4.2% (P=0.035), and 9.1% (P=0.013), respectively. @*Conclusion@#The current MR study provides evidence supporting the causal relationships between several specific GM taxa and stroke and potential mediating metabolites.
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Objective:To evaluate the role of Dorea in glucose intolerance of people with obesity. Methods:This study recruited 113 young individuals with obesity and varying degree of glucose tolerance [body mass index(BMI)≥30 kg/m 2] and 105 controls, comparing the metabolic phenotypes and Dorea abundance. Correlation analysis and ROC analysis were performed to assess the association between Dorea and clinical parameters and its predictive role in predicting glucose intolerance. Results:(1) Metabolic parameters were higher in obesity group than the control group. There was no difference in body weight, BMI and WHR among subgroups classified by glucose tolerance in people with obesity. (2) The abundance of Dorea, Dorea formicigenerans were higher in obese individuals, however showing a downward trend in accordance with glucose intolerance. The abundance was inversely associated with OGTT-2 h plasma glucose and HbA 1C, while positively associated with HOMA-β. Logistic regression demonstrated that Dorea formicigenerans was an independent protective factor after adjusting confounders such as age and gender in the prevention of glucose intolerance. (3) ROC analysis exhibited that the AUC values of Dorea formicigenerans was 0.73 in the total population. Conclusion:Dorea and Dorea formicigenerans exert protective effect on glucose metabolism in obese subjects. The abundance of Dorea and Dorea formicigenerans can be used as predictors of glucose intolerance risk in obese subjects, which facilitate the early screening and monitoring.
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OBJECTIVE：To provide referenc e for the construction and software development of knowledge base for rational use of TCM decoction pieces. METHODS ：By reviewing the literatures on rational drug use software and TCM decoction pieces in recent years ，the clinical characteristics of rational drug use of TCM decoction pieces as well as the characteristics and shortcomings of existing rational drug use software in the detection of rational drug use of TCM decoction pieces were analyzed ， and the core contents and difficulties in the construction of knowledge base of rational drug use software of TCM decoction pieces were summarized. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS ：Clinical application of TCM decoction pieces was mainly based on “syndrome differentiation”，which reflected the unity of dialectics ，treatment，prescription selection and medication. Therefore ，the consideration of the rationality of clinical use of TCM decoction pieces could not blindly imitate the evaluation method of chemical medicine. Current rational drug use software was not based on the theoretical system of traditional Chinese medicine ，and it was not comprehensive and mature in the aspect of rational drug use review of TCM decoction pieces ，and lacks the knowledge base that could meet the requirements of rational use of TCM decoction pieces. Therefore ，it is necessary to construct a set of knowledge base which can meet the evaluation requirements of “consistency of principle ，method and prescription use ”of TCM decoction pieces under the guidance of TCM theoretical system. Its contents include that patient information collection ，construction of knowledge base related to diseases and syndromes ，selection of processed products of TCM dec oction pieces ，addition andsubtraction of clinical symptoms ，selection taboo of varieties of TCM decoction pieces ， compatibility taboo ， combined application of Chinese patent medicine or chemical medicine ， dosage of TCM decoction pieces ， total dosage and tastquantity of each prescription ， special de coction drugs ， medication methods and administration frequency ，etc. There are still some difficulties in the development of rational drug use software of TCM decoction pieces ，such as the construction of disease and syndrome related knowledge base and the difficulty in judging the rationality of clinical symptom addition and subtraction.
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OBJECTIVE：To improve the quality standard of Xiangsha hezhong pills. METHODS ：Based on previous quality standard of Xiangsha hezhong pills ，the items of property observation and microscopic identification were revised. TLC identification methods were established for ginger-processed Magnolia officinalis ，Pogostemon cablin and Atractylodes Lancea （stir-fried with earth ）. HPLC methods were adopted for contents determination of hesperidin ，magnolol and honokiol. RESULTS ： The description of the appearance of Xiangsha hezhong pills should be modified to “yellow brown or brown water pill ”. The description of microscopical identification was adjusted slightly. TLC chromatogram of ginger-processed M. officinalis ，P. cablin and Atractylodes Lancea （stir-fried with earth ）all showed the same color spots in the same position as the corresponding substance control or reference medicinal material ，and the negative samples had no interference. The contents determination were performed on Phenomenex Luna C 18 column with mobile phase consisted of methanol-water （40 ∶ 60，V/V，hesperidin）or acetonitrile- 1％ glacial acetic acid （52∶48，V/V，magnolol and honokiol ）at the flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The column temperature was 30 ℃. The detection wavelengths were set at 284 nm（hesperidin）or 294 nm（magnolol and honokiol ）. The linear ranges of hesperidin ， magnolol and honokiol were 0.201 8-2.018 μg，0.035 7-0.357 4 μg and 0.028 2-0.282 4 μg（all r＝0.999 9）. The detection limits were 2.0，0.72，0.45 ng；the limits of quantitation were 7.0，2.45，1.61 ng. RSDs of precision ，reproducibility，stability and durability tests were all lower than 3％. The average recoveries were 99.92％，100.49％ and 102.08％（all RSD ＜3％）. CONCLUSIONS ：The study verifies the description of character observation and microscopical identification ，adds TLC identification methods for ginger-processed M. officinalis ，P. cablin and Atractylodes Lancea （stir-fried with earth ）based on previous quality standard of Xiangsha hezhong pills. HPLC methods were adopted to determine the contents of hesperidin ，magnolol and honokiol ，and can effectively improve the quality control standard of the preparation.
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OBJECTIVE： To establish the elimination method of outliers based on Grubbs rule and MATLAB language， and to evaluate the effects of it on drug bitterness evaluation. METHODS： Referring to Grubbs rule， the automatic cyclic outliers elimination method based on MATLAB language was established. Totally 20 volunteers were included in single oral taste test （Tetrapanax papyrifer） and multiple oral taste test （10 kinds of medicinal material as T. papyrifer， Changium smyrnioides， Poria cocos， etc.）. Seven sensors were selected for electronic tongue test （Clematis armandii）. The data of bitterness evaluation in above tests （oral taste test as bitterness value， electronic tongue test as response value of sensors） were used as the data source. Five researchers were selected and adopted table-by-table elimination method based on Grubbs rule （method one）， Excel software elimination method based on Grubbs rule （method two） and automatic cyclic outliers elimination method based on Grubbs rule and MATLAB language （method three） to judge and eliminate the outliers. The effects of above three methods were evaluated with the removal time and error rate of outliers as indexes. RESULTS： There were two outliers in the data of bitterness evaluation in single oral taste test； the elimination time of the three methods were（745.400 0±25.904 4），（288.333 3±31.253 1）and（0.000 3±0.000 0）s， respectively； error rates were 20.0％， 0 and 0， respectively. There were six outliers in the data of bitterness evaluation in multiple oral taste test； the elimination time of three methods were （3 693.107 7±75.023 3）， （1 494.761 4±53.826 9）， （0.005 2±0.000 0）s， respectively； error rates were 10.0％， 4.0％， 0， respectively. There were three outliers in the data of bitterness evaluation in electronic tongue test； the elimination time of three methods were （2 992.673 3±84.117 6）， （1 276.367 1±55.024 5）， （0.002 3±0.000 0）s， respectively； error rates were 5.7％， 2.9％， 0， respectively. The elimination results of the three methods were consistent. The elimination time of method two was significantly shorter than that of method one （P＜0.01）； the elimination time of method three was significantly shorter than those of method one and method two （P＜0.01）. There was no significant difference in error rate of 3 methods （P＞0.05）. CONCLUSIONS： The automatic cyclic elimination method of outliers based on Grubbs rule and MATLAB language can significantly shorten the elimination time of outliers in data of drug bitterness evaluation， improve the efficiency of data processing， and is suitable for drug bitterness evaluation.
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OBJECTIVE:To optimize the extraction technology of garlic oil. METHODS:Using extraction rate of garlic oil as index,based on single factor test,Box-Behnken response surface method was used to optimize conditions of steam distillation method for the extraction of garlic as fermentation time,solid to liquid ratio,fermentation temperature and the verification test were made for the optimized technology. RESULTS:The optimal extraction technology was as follows as fermentation time of 4.5 h,solid to liquid ratio of 1:7,fermentation temperature of 55 ℃. The average extraction rate of garlic oil in verification test was 0.32%(RSD=1.43%,n=3);the relative error between the measured value and predicted value was 0.06%. CONCLUSIONS:Box-Behnken response surface method is simple,reasonable and feasible to optimize the extraction technology of garlic oil,which can provide a scientific basis for industrial production.
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Recently, gut microbiota is found to be associated with human health and diseases. Environmental and genetic factors both play pivotal roles in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes, in which the gut microbiota is regarded as an important environmental factor. In addition, gut microbiota may become a novel therapeutic approach for type 2 diabetes. Present review focused on the association between the alterations of gut microbiome and type 2 diabetes, hyperglycemia, and insulin resistance;also summarized the molecular mechanisms underlying microbe-host interactions in the context of diabetes, potential contribution of the gut microbiota to the pharmacological or surgical treatment of type 2 diabetes, and the interaction of human genetics with gut microbiome. Based on the understanding of gut microbiota-host interactions, probiotic and fecal microbiota transplantation will be potential novel therapeutic approaches for type 2 diabetes.
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AIM:This study continuously monitors the hemodynamic changes in conscious and anesthetic rats during rapid ascent to high altitude to investigate whether there is difference between the 2 conditions and discuss the rela-ted underlying mechanism.METHODS: Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into conscious group, anesthetic group, anesthetic-5000-control ( A-5000-control) group, anesthetic-5000-aminoguanidine ( A-5000-AG) group, conscious-5000-control ( C-5000-control ) group and conscious-5000-aminoguanidine ( C-5000-AG ) group.The rats in anesthetic group and conscious group were kept in a hypobaric chamber, in which the simulated altitude was increased from 2 260 m to 5 000 m at 2 m/s, and the rats in other 4 groups were at 5 000 m.The system arterial pressure ( Psa) , central venous pressure ( CVP) , heart rate ( HR) and breathing rate ( BR) were directly and continuously displayed and digitally recorded by a high-performance data acquisition (PowerLab 16/35, AD Instruments) at 200 Hz.RESULTS: The HR and BR in the conscious rats were higher and MAP was lower than those in the anesthetic rats obviously.A significant decrease in mean arterial pressure ( MAP) in conscious and anesthetic groups was observed following the increase in the altitude levels, and the net decrease in MAP in conscious group was significantly greater.Additionally, HR in the conscious rats was sig-nificantly lower at 5 000 m than that of the initial level.The rats in C-5000-AG group and A-5000-AG group showed a sig-nificant increase in the arterial pressure after the intravenous injection of AG, a selective inhibitor of inducible nitric oxide synthase ( iNOS) , and no marked change of HR and BR was found.CONCLUSION: Blood pressure and HR decrease during rapid ascent to high altitude, while the change of BR is not obvious.The mechanisms of self-safety would be trig-gered in the early stage of hypoxia, which activates iNOS and then leads to a larger number of nitric oxide.Plentiful NO di-astolizes the vessels to improve the ventilation-perfusion mismatch and lower the blood pressure.When the altitude arise to 5 000 m, even more earlier, a decompensatory stage may occur in the body, leading to decreased HR and blood pressure further more than those in the anesthetic rats.Due to the effects of pentobarbital sodium, the depression of blood pressure requires a lag period and the net decrease in MAP is less than that in the conscious rats.Therefore, hemodynamic changes during rapid ascent to high altitude in conscious rats are more comprehensive and authentic.
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The debitterizing effect of ternary complexes was appraised and characterization of ternary complexes was made by infrared spectrum (IR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The ternary complexes (β-CD/BH/WPI90) of berberine hydrochloride (BH),β-cyclodextrin)β-CD (and whey protein isolate (WPI90) were prepared with adopting coprecipitation preparation. The results showed that the ternary complexesβ-CD/BH/WPI90 can sig-nificantly reduced the bitterness of BH. The content of BH in the ternary complexes was 3.20%. It was concluded that the ternary complexesβ-CD/BH/WPI90 had significant effect in reducing the bitterness of BH. IR and DSC of the ternary complexesβ-CD/BH/WPI90 were different from the simple physical mixture.
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This study was ai med to observe the taste-masking effects of Neotame on bitter Chinese herbal ingredients. Five kinds of herbal ingredients, which include Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, Cortex Phellodendri chinensis, Coptis chinensis Franch, Gentiana scabra Bunge, Andrographis paniculata, were selected to measure the bitterness degree of decoctions with berberine solution as the benchmark. The decreasing of bitterness degree was used as index. Healthy volunteers were recruited to taste and compare the changes of bitterness of decoctions with the taste-masking effects of Neotame. Different concentrations of Neotame were selected in the determination of the influence on changes of bitterness. The results showed that when the concentration of Neotame was at 0.012 5‰-0.4‰, taste-masking effects of Neotame on selected herbal decoctions were in a concentration-dependent fashion. When the concentration of Neotame was 0.4‰, the reduced bitterness of S. baicalensis Georgi and Cortex P. chinensis decoctions were 1.22 and 1.77, by 70.11% and 71.88%, respectively. Three highly-bitter herbal ingredients C. chinensis Franch, G. scabra Bunge and A . paniculata were also reduced in bitter taste by 49.12%, 50.87% and 38.39%, with the bitter reduced value (△I) of 1.78, 2.02 and 1.43, respectively. It was concluded that Neotame exerted taste masking potential on bitter herbal ingredients with different bitter degrees.
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Taste-masking effect of pharmaceutical formulation is important for the pharmacy worker to carry out study on taste-masking of pharmaceutical formulation. This study discussed the feasibility of electronic tongue in the evaluation of taste-masking effect. The berberine hydrochloride was used as model drug of bitterness. Sodium cycla-mate, 2,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid and sodium cyclamate were used as bitterness inhibitors. Through detection of elec-tronic tongue, results from principal component analysis (PCA), and indexes such as distance of bitterness (D), dis-tance of bitterness reduction, inhibition rate (Ir), the determination was given on whether results from the bitterness inhibition of berberine hydrochloride and taste results from volunteers were the same. In addition, sodium cyclamate, which was the best bitterness inhibition, was made into different concentrations in order to optimize its using dosage. The data analysis results showed that in the berberine hydrochloride solution with the concentration of 0.005 mg/mL, the ranking order of the bitterness-masking efficiency was sodium cyclamate > 2,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid > sodium acetate anhydrous. Along with the increasing concentration of sodium cyclamate, the taste-masking effect is better. However, after the concentration level of 0.2%, the change on taste-masking effect was relatively small. In the prac-tical work, the concentration of sodium cyclamate can be selected at the level of 0.2%. This experiment effect was the same as the human taste results. This study showed that the electronic tongue may be a useful tool in the evalua-tion of taste-masking efficiency to some extent.
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This paper was aimed to study the quantitation method of bitterness intensity of bitter drug, and to ex-plore the mutual relations between the bitterness intensity and the concentration of bitter drugs solution. The mod-el drug of berberine hydrochloride, which was made into a series of solutions of different concentrations, was ap-plied. Twenty volunteers, who were screened, trained and qualified, tasted the different concentration of aqueous solution, with the purpose of detecting the rank bitterness intensity. After analyzing the features of the data and testing the logarithm model and Weibull curve model, as well as nonlinear fitting, we finally set up the appropri-ate relationship curve between the concentration and the bitterness intensity. There is a good curve positive corre-lation between the bitterness intensity and the concentration, which is consistent with the Weibull curve model (R2= 0.9973, RMSE = 0.0976, RMSECV = 0.1453). The fitting degree of the model established in this paper is high, which provides a reference for quantitation and forecast of the drug bitterness.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To optimize solubilizing process of Qingkailing injection.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Uniform design experimental method and GA-BPNN modeling method were applied to optimize the technical parameters, and the solubility of cholic acid in medium was taken as optimizing index.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>The type of solubilizer and pH of medium had greater impact on the index than the concentration for solubilizer. The optimum solubilizer was Tween-80. In a certain range the higher pH of medium was optimum; it was not necessary to use high-concentration solubilizer although there was positive correlation between the index and the concentration of solubilizer.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Uniform design combined with GA-BPNN modeling method is suitable for optimization of solubilizing process of Chinese materia medica injection, which has certain practical application value.</p>
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Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Drugs, Chinese Herbal , Chemistry , Materia Medica , Chemistry , Neural Networks, Computer , SolubilityABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To provide reference for research & development and application of pill preparation. METHODS: Our understanding on the statement "Pill, Is Sluggish" was come up with, and the pertinetn literature and research results were analyzed and summarized. RESULTS: The statement "Pill, Is Sluggish" is not only the description of the traditional pill's dosage-form characteristic, but also contains the requirement on administration method. It is a relative description. There is also difference in speed of taking effect between different kinds of pills. Its origin contains the factor of dosage as well as the factor of dosage-form; It does not apply to some new type pills. CONCLUSION: The connotation of "Pill, Is Sluggish" is extremely rich, which should be viewed relatively, comprehensively and developmentally so as to continuously enrich and develop the dosage form theory of Chinese materia medica and make pills serve better for the clinic.
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AIM:To establish a HPLC method for determining simultaneously gentiopicroside and geniposide in Longdan Xiegan Pill(Radix et rhizoma Gentianae,Fructus Gardeniae,Radix Scutellariae,etc.).METHODS:C_ 18 column(5 ?m,4.6 mm?250 mm)was used.The mobile phase was methanol-water(23∶77).The detecting wavelength and the temperature of column were at 238 nm and at 40 ℃ respectively.RESULTS:The linear detection range of gentiopicroside was 3.03-30.30 ?g/mL(r=1.000 0),and the average recovery was 98.43%(RSD=1.08%).The linear detection range of geniposide was 9.76-97.60 ?g/mL(r=0.999 9),and the average recovery was 99.95%(RSD=0.91%).CONCLUSION:Two ingredients in Longdan Xiegan Pill could be determined simultaneously by this method which is convenient,rapid and accurate.It can be used for quality control in the production of Longdan Xiegan Pill.
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OBJECTIVE:To investigate the equivalence of preparations of traditional Chinese medicines with decoction and pill as the representative dosage forms so as to lay a foundation for the evaluation of equivalence.METHODS:Taking the contents of gentiopicroside and geniposide and water soluble extractive as indexes to investigate the equivalence between decoction for Longdan xiegan tang and Longdan xiegan pills.RESULTS:Evaluated by the indexes of contents of gentiopicroside and geniposide,the current daily oral dosage of the decoction was 6.39 times superior to the pill;taking water soluble extractive as index,the decoction was 4.02 times superior to the pill.CONCLUSION:To be equivalent to the decoction,the current daily oral dosage of the pill should be increased appropriately.The degree of increase should be based on the final results of pharmacological and clinical studies.